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    <p>Thanks for the reference!</p>
    <p>Marc<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 6/27/2023 3:16 AM, irox via
      Personal_Submersibles wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
      cite="mid:ad438b87-1d62-a2fe-f7b2-2e73097db8aa@ix.netcom.com">
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        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Hi Marc,</p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">that was a long
          time...  I believe it was the unsupported/unstiffened thin
          wall formula (possible from C T F Ross Pressure Vessel's
          book).  It does seem a bit high, possibly I'm
          mis-remembering/guessing, but I do remember it was a lot 
          higher than expected.  During concrete pouring a sample of
          each pour was taken, these samples would need to be tested to
          determine the properties of the actual concrete used.  Those
          test results would then be used to more accurately estimate
          collapse depth.</p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Wilfried's site
          is still up with some pictures and links to videos:</p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"><a
            href="http://concretesubmarine.com/" moz-do-not-send="true"
            class="moz-txt-link-freetext">http://concretesubmarine.com/</a></p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Thanks,</p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">  Ian.</p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
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        <p>-----Original Message-----<br>
          From: Personal Submersibles General Discussion
          <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org"><personal_submersibles@psubs.org></a><br>
          Sent: Jun 25, 2023 6:22 PM<br>
          To: irox via Personal_Submersibles
          <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org"><personal_submersibles@psubs.org></a><br>
          Subject: Re: [PSUBS-MAILIST] Concrete hull submarine</p>
        <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
        <p>How was the crush depth calculated?</p>
        <p>Marc de Piolenc</p>
        <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 6/26/2023 3:01 AM, irox via
          Personal_Submersibles wrote:</div>
        <blockquote
          cite="mid:976d5bd4-c9e1-4cf7-fcdf-00c8c57b7e92@ix.netcom.com">
          <div style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,sans-serif;
            font-size: 12pt;">
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Hi Alec,</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Yes, that's
              pretty much it. Wilfried Ellmer is the person who built
              the Swiss sub and started the one in Columbia.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Short
              version:</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">The
              construction phase was plagued with delays, including the
              shipyard we'd rented space from going bankrupt (twice),
              and one time all the managers were arrested and led off
              the site in handcuffs.  Each delay added months, sometimes
              this would use up the dry part of year delaying work until
              next year.  Eventually the launch permit expired, also the
              local administrator positions were rotated (every 4 years)
              and the incoming administrator were not happy to hear
              about a submarine being built in their jurisdiction. 
              Ultimately they refused to reissue the launch permit and
              asked for a large sum of money each month for
              'inspections' with the vague chance they would issue a
              launch permit later.  Work on the project stopped here.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Shortly after
              that the shipyard was sold to a energy company to be used
              as their private ship chandlers.  There was a free-n-clear
              clause in the sale and the concrete submarine, now sitting
              right at the water's edge waiting to be launched, would
              cause problems and potentially trigger a lawsuit.  In the
              end I denied ownership of the sub, based on it never
              officially being delivered.  The sub sat in the shipyard
              for 10+ years after that.   I would periodically check on
              it using Google maps satellite view.  Most recently the
              sub was replaced by a pile of rubble, so I assume it had
              been destroyed.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">A few notes
              on the sub (from memory, so numbers might be off):</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Hull:
              Teardrop</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Construction:
              Slip cast reinforced concrete</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Length:
              19meters</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Width:
              4.5meters</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Operational
              depth: 300meters</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Crush depth:
              2800meters</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Crew: 4</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Operational
              dive time: 1 week</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Emergency
              life support: 3 weeks</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Viewports: 1
              bow dome, 8 small "sky-light" viewports.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">ROV lockout
              chamber.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Surface
              propulsion: Diesel engine</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Submerged
              propulsion: Electric</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Surface
              range: 2500 miles (not sure if that would end up being
              realistic)</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Submerged
              range: 50 miles</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">ABS (and
              offshore concrete structure rules) was to be followed as
              much as possible, which did cause some disagreement...</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Ultimately I
              knew this project contained risk, and at the time I was
              able to accept that risk.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">I would
              consider doing this again, but in the USA, and with an
              improved design which should be more conducive to
              following ABS.  Ideally this would be done in away so
              hulls could be cheaply manufactured for destructive
              testing.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">Cheers,</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;">  Ian.</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
          </div>
          <div class="elnk-inline-message-container" style="border-left:
            1px solid #aaa; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0 10px
            15px; margin: 0;">
            <p>-----Original Message-----<br>
              From: Personal Submersibles General Discussion <a
                class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org"
                moz-do-not-send="true"><personal_submersibles@psubs.org></a><br>
              Sent: Jun 25, 2023 8:08 AM<br>
              To: Personal Submersibles General Discussion <a
                class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org"
                moz-do-not-send="true"><personal_submersibles@psubs.org></a><br>
              Subject: Re: [PSUBS-MAILIST] Titan submersible missing at
              Titanic site</p>
            <p style="margin: 0.1rem 0; line-height: 1.0;"> </p>
            <div dir="ltr">There's an interesting story about cement
              subs, which I will tell to the best of my recollection. In
              the early years we had a PSUBS member whose name I forget,
              I believe Swiss or Austrian, who had built a ferrocement
              sub that he kept at a mooring in a Swiss lake. The sub was
              successful, he dived it for years. But eventually he moved
              to Colombia due to marriage, and scuttled the sub in the
              lake, because the road he had used to take it there had
              been re-routed or modified somehow, leaving him without
              any way of getting it out. The sub became an attraction
              for local SCUBA divers. 
              <div> </div>
              <div>The second part of the story is that another PSUBS
                member, Ian Roxborough, hired the first guy to build him
                a large cement sub with the intention of making it an
                ocean going live-aboard. The project was done completely
                on the level, with notification to authorities and in a
                major port. This was no drug sub built in the jungle. It
                got to the point where the hull was complete, and I
                think they were about for the first launch. However,
                Colombia being plagued by drug subs, the authorities
                would not sign off on final paperwork or something
                (can't remember the exact glitch.) Ian had sunk a ton of
                funds into it, and the sub was probably perfectly good,
                but approval never came. I'm not sure what happened to
                the sub. But Ian is still very much active, so maybe can
                tell us. I'm not sure if he's on the email list. If you
                are, Ian, sorry for bringing up this rather painful
                memory!</div>
              <div> </div>
              <div>Best,</div>
              <div>Alec</div>
            </div>
            <br>
            <div class="gmail_quote">
              <div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Sun, Jun 25, 2023 at
                8:35 AM Marc de Piolenc via Personal_Submersibles <<a
                  class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
                  href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org"
                  moz-do-not-send="true">personal_submersibles@psubs.org</a>>
                wrote:</div>
              <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px
                0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid #cccccc; padding-left:
                1ex;">
                <div>
                  <p>That's it. I lost interest when I realized he had
                    built a superstructure on a conventional pressure
                    hull.</p>
                  <p>Very sorry  to hear about Brian Cox.</p>
                  <p>Marc</p>
                  <div>On 6/25/2023 6:11 PM, Jon Wallace via
                    Personal_Submersibles wrote:</div>
                  <blockquote>
                    <div style="font-family: 'times new roman','new
                      york',times,serif; font-size: 16px;">
                      <div dir="ltr">Marc, that was probably Brian Cox
                        who passed away a year or so ago.  His pressure
                        hull was steel but he did use ferrocement for
                        the superstructure.  <a
href="http://www.subdb.info/cgi/database/showvessel/index.cgi?ID=1272980224&VN=Esmae&VT=1"
                          target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"
                          moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.subdb.info/cgi/database/showvessel/index.cgi?ID=1272980224&VN=Esmae&VT=1</a></div>
                      <div dir="ltr"> </div>
                      <div dir="ltr">There are no standards for using
                        ferrocement as a manned submarine pressure hull
                        and I think anyone attempting it would find
                        little support for the project given the Ocean
                        Gate loss.</div>
                      <div dir="ltr"> </div>
                      <div dir="ltr">Jon</div>
                      <div dir="ltr"> </div>
                      <div> </div>
                    </div>
                    <div
                      id="m_4380271176043459050ydpc0df22c3yahoo_quoted_7854919351">
                      <div style="font-family: 'Helvetica
                        Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:
                        13px; color: #26282a;">
                        <div>On Sunday, June 25, 2023 at 04:09:00 AM
                          EDT, Marc de Piolenc via Personal_Submersibles
                          <a
                            href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org"
                            target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                            moz-do-not-send="true"><personal_submersibles@psubs.org></a>
                          wrote:</div>
                        <div> </div>
                        <div> </div>
                        <div>
                          <div dir="ltr">I know. I fell in love with FC
                            for yachts, which made me wonder how <br
                              clear="none">
                            useful it would be for pressure hulls...
                            Turns out there is a 2010 <br clear="none">
                            exchange of messages in my archive with
                            somebody on this list who built <br
                              clear="none">
                            in FC, Brian Cox. Is he still there?<br
                              clear="none">
                            <br clear="none">
                            Marc<br clear="none">
                            <br clear="none">
                            On 6/24/2023 8:27 PM, Bernie Hellstrom via
                            Personal_Submersibles wrote:<br clear="none">
                            > Many boat hulls were made with FC. Even
                            the landing barges in the ww2 , to make
                            piers to in load ships!<br clear="none">
                            ><br clear="none">
                            > Sent from my iPhone<br clear="none">
                            ></div>
                        </div>
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Mass Flow (ducted fans): <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://massflow.archivale.com" moz-do-not-send="true">http://massflow.archivale.com</a>
ProZ profile: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.proz.com/profile/639380" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.proz.com/profile/639380</a>
Substack account: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://fmarcdepiolenc.substack.com" moz-do-not-send="true">https://fmarcdepiolenc.substack.com</a>
Pinterest: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.pinterest.ph/piolenc" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.pinterest.ph/piolenc</a></pre>
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      <pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Personal_Submersibles mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org">Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles">http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles</a>
</pre>
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    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
Archivale catalog: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.archivale.com">http://www.archivale.com</a>
Mass Flow (ducted fans): <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://massflow.archivale.com">http://massflow.archivale.com</a>
ProZ profile: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.proz.com/profile/639380">https://www.proz.com/profile/639380</a>
Substack account: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://fmarcdepiolenc.substack.com">https://fmarcdepiolenc.substack.com</a>
Pinterest: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.pinterest.ph/piolenc">https://www.pinterest.ph/piolenc</a></pre>
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