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#yiv5503147854 </style></head><body><p dir="ltr">While steels have an endurance limit (stress limit below which fatigue failure is highly unlikely to occur), the fatigue endurance limit of the base material is less relevant than the presence of welds and geometric stress concentrations, which impose their own limits due to localized stress concentrations and crack initiation sites. Characterizing the fatigue life of welded structures was a core focus of my job for several years, in the context of mining machinery subject to continuously variable cyclic loading. Invariably, four conclusions always popped up in these analyses:</p>
<p dir="ltr">1) Employ full-penetration welds,<br>
2) Profile grind to eliminate stress concentrations,<br>
3) Fully stress-relieve completed weldments with appropriate heat treatments, and<br>
4) Replace welded construction with smoothly-sculpted castings where possible.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Where submarines are concerned, design guides and common practice already address point 1, at least where the pressure hull itself is concerned. I would additionally suggest to be wary of any highly loaded appendages welded to the pressure hull where a crack initiation could possibly propagate into the pressure hull. Point 2, profile grinding, is technically prohibited on submarines, but the military does it, and the weld procedures in the commercial guidelines specify bead geometry limits that accomplish much the same thing. The intent of the prohibition is to eliminate the possibility of grinding below minimum design thickness, but if you're not certifying, I see no reason not to smooth your joints, as long as you are aware of the consequence of error. Point 3 is a great idea if you have access to equipment or a facility with these capabilities. Particularly with PSub-sized hulls, I'd look into getting quotes. Has to be done before
any coatings though. Point 4 is about eliminating abrupt stress concentrations. Obviously this is complicated for a pressure hull. If I had a sub with lots of identical windows, I might look at casting their seats instead of fabricating, as smooth transitions which seamlessly integrate into the base hull are easier than 4:1 weld tapers, and create a smoother load path. As with your welds though, any such castings would have to be 100% NDT'd.</p>
<p dir="ltr">All that said, the number of large stress cycles on a submarine hull over its lifetime is so low that fatigue failure is not really an issue, with the possible exception of things like skid attachments and lifting lugs which can see high stresses in the field. Even if you dive every day, that's 365 cycles a year, or maybe 10k over its lifetime. High cycle fatigue generally starts to show up one order of magnitude higher.</p>
<p dir="ltr">One thing you should be aware of is that fatigue damage varies linearly with number of cycles, but with the cube of the applied stress. A single cycle at 3 MPa does the same amount of fatigue damage as twenty-seven cycles at 1 MPa! Thus, the fatigue endurance of your boat is dictated predominately by only its deepest dives. This is a counterintuitive result which, interestingly, governs a lot of aircraft design. The wings of large airliners experience their largest stress reversals not due to the forces on the wings in-flight, but rather to the less frequent but greater magnitude switch between flying, where the aircraft is hanging on the wings, and being on the ground, where the wings are hanging from the aircraft.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Sean<br>
</p>
<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On September 26, 2015 10:29:16 AM MDT, hank pronk via Personal_Submersibles <personal_submersibles@psubs.org> wrote:<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">
<div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:12px"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_5281"><span>Tim,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_5281"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_5493">Yes, I want a </span>safety margin. As far as I know there is no limit to number of cycles on a steel pressure vessel. That would be a Sean question. </div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_5281">Hank</div> <br /><div class="qtdSeparateBR"><br /><br /></div><div class="yahoo_quoted" style="display: block;"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> <div dir="ltr"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> On Saturday, September 26, 2015 9:46 AM, T Novak via Personal_Submersibles
<personal_submersibles@psubs.org> wrote:<br /> </font> </div> <br /><br /> <div class="y_msg_container"><div id="yiv5503147854"><div><div class="yiv5503147854WordSection1"><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Hi Hank,</span></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Sounds like a good way to go. Is your plan to restrict manned dives to 66% of the maximum unmanned test dive? This would seem to be a good policy in general. Is there a design fatigue life on the hull (i.e. so many cycles before overhaul)?</span></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Tim</span></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv5503147854yqt2369715790" id="yiv5503147854yqt08114"><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;"> Personal_Submersibles [mailto:personal_submersibles-bounces@psubs.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>hank pronk via Personal_Submersibles<br clear="none" /><b>Sent:</b> September-26-15 7:59 AM<br clear="none" /><b>To:</b> Personal Submersibles General Discussion <personal_submersibles@psubs.org><br clear="none" /><b>Subject:</b> Re: [PSUBS-MAILIST] correction</span></div></div></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal"> </div><div><div id="yiv5503147854yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_2842"><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">Hi Tim,</span></div></div><div id="yiv5503147854yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_2842"><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">I have only been to 105 or 110 with you. I will deep test Gamma with the pod as soon as it is back together.</span></div></div><div
id="yiv5503147854yui_3_16_0_1_1443279376310_2842"><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">Hank</span></div></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;"> </span></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;"> </span></div></div><div><div><div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">On Saturday, September 26, 2015 8:46 AM, T Novak via Personal_Submersibles <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org">personal_submersibles@psubs.org</a>> wrote:</span><span style=""></span></div></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white;"><span style=""> </span></div><div><div
id="yiv5503147854"><div><div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Hi Hank,</span><span style=""></span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style=""></span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">What has been the max test depth of Gamma itself with the dome so far?</span><span style=""></span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style=""></span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Tim</span><span style=""></span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style=""></span></div></div><div
id="yiv5503147854yqt52616"><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;"> Personal_Submersibles [<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:personal_submersibles-bounces@psubs.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:personal_submersibles-bounces@psubs.org">mailto:personal_submersibles-bounces@psubs.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>hank pronk via Personal_Submersibles<br clear="none" /><b>Sent:</b> September-26-15 5:44 AM<br clear="none" /><b>To:</b> Personal Submersibles General Discussion <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:personal_submersibles@psubs.org">personal_submersibles@psubs.org</a>><br clear="none" /><b>Subject:</b> [PSUBS-MAILIST] correction</span><span
style=""></span></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style=""> </span></div></div><div><div id="yiv5503147854yui_3_16_0_1_1443271122856_2393"><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">Hi All,</span><span style=""></span></div></div></div><div id="yiv5503147854yui_3_16_0_1_1443271122856_2393"><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">Correction, I estimated that the pod sank 800 feet based on the amount of rope left on the spool. It actually sank 638 feet, my target depth was 600 feet. I will be diving at 400 feet for the next season. </span><span style=""></span></div></div></div><div id="yiv5503147854yui_3_16_0_1_1443271122856_2393"><div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;">Hank</span><span
style=""></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style=""> </span></div><div id="yiv5503147854yqt10384"><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="">_______________________________________________<br clear="none" />Personal_Submersibles mailing list<br clear="none" /><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org">Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org</a><br clear="none" /><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" target="_blank" href="http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles">http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles</a></span></div></div><div class="yiv5503147854MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white;"><span style=""> </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /><div class="yqt2369715790"
id="yqt17294">_______________________________________________<br clear="none" />Personal_Submersibles mailing list<br clear="none" /><a shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org" href="mailto:Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org">Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org</a><br clear="none" /><a shape="rect" href="http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles" target="_blank">http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles</a><br clear="none" /></div><br /><br /></div> </div> </div> </div></div><p style="margin-top: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #000"></p><pre class="k9mail"><hr /><br />Personal_Submersibles mailing list<br />Personal_Submersibles@psubs.org<br /><a href="http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles">http://www.psubs.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/personal_submersibles</a><br /></pre></blockquote></div></body></html>